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Master of Science Thesis:  Digging the holes of future construction sites
Market Analysis and Business Model for Autonomous Excavators and Wheel Loaders

Academic
Examiner: Prof. Dr. Eng. Johannes Fottner
Supervisor: Florian Rothmeyer (M.Sc.)
Master of Science Thesis
Spring 2024
Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow and Logistics
School of Engineering and Design & School of Management
Technisches Universität München


Abstract

Construction and earthwork related sectors are notoriously known for being laggards when it comes to implementing new technologies. Current developments in software, computer vision technology as well as hardware, autonomous robotics and robotic planning have resulted in a successful and suitable implementation on excavation tasks in construction sites. GPS, LiDAR, camera-based multimodal perception, object detection, terrain mapping, motion planning and navigation algorithms have paved the way for the autonomous excavators to be working in the construction site which is inherently volatile and hard to control.

A literature review suggests that currently automation technology in excavation is mature enough to be used in the market. However, current business solutions are not compatible with state-of-the-art technological solutions. Rather than using traditional business models, such as direct sales or brick-and-mortar, new business models have emerged according to the need of the contemporary technology and the needs of the market players. Subscription business models, and many others have provided support for the emergence of the new businesses as well as the established ones to consolidate their position. Due to flexibility, cost efficiency, and risk reduction, usage-based business models are increasingly used in machinery industry. Increasing need of specialization of machinery, volatile global economic states drive the heavy equipment and systems to be offered as a service in construction, infrastructure and mining sectors. The business model is called Equipment as a Service in the equipment industry. Equipment-as-a-Service (EaaS) defines a system where third party companies provide equipment as a service to the parties in the industry. There is room for EaaS to be improved and used in the autonomous excavator market as a business model.

In conclusion, this thesis offers a comprehensive understanding of the current industry landscape and business models for new entrants in the autonomous excavator market, sug- gesting the benefits of Equipment-as-a-Service (EaaS) framework. The proposed business model not only addresses the changing needs of the industry players, but also provides a revenue stream that is predictable and has a sustainable growth potential, by forming strategic partnerships, compelling technological framework and strong customer relationship. The approach serves as a roadmap and guideline to effectively understand the industry and navigate the landscape of autonomous construction equipment.
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